The Price of Empowerment Land Titling and Female Inclusion in Urban Tanzania

While multiple studies have shown that a woman’s control over land is positively associated with bargaining power outcomes, few have succeeded in highlighting successful methods for increasing this control. We report on a policy experiment in an unplanned settlement in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, that provided access to formal land titles to informal settlers at randomized prices, with additional price discounts conditional on designating a woman as owner or co-owner of the land in question. Results show that the household’s are highly responsive to price incentives, as households o↵ered a small conditional discount are roughly 30% more likely to co-title their land. Despite these large di↵erences, households o↵ered conditional discounts are just as likely to purchase a formal land title as those o↵ered general discounts. We discuss the implications of these results for the expected bargaining power impacts of the intervention. ⇤World Bank †University of Oxford ‡Center for Global Development §We gratefully acknowledge funding from the Department for International Development, UK government, through the International Growth Centre (IGC) (http://www.theigc.org/), specifically via the IGC Research Award “Economic Impact of Urban Property Rights and Tanzania: The Role of Infrastructure” led by the Department of International Development, University of Oxford.